A Paper
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS, AND PSYCHOLOGY
Presented to Fulfill the Requirement of the Task of Psycholinguistics
Subject Guided by : Trisna Dinillah Harya,
M.Pd
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of Study
Language is a system of communication
in speech and writing which is used by people of a particular country or area.
It means that there is communication among people because of there is language
in this world. It also means language can transfer culture from one generation
to another as well as from one country to another. People can express their
thoughts, feelings, and observations.
Because of language, there are linguistics
and psychology. In this paper, we will try to discuss it.
B.
Problem Formulation
1.
What is
language?
2.
What is
linguistics?
3.
What is
psychology?
C.
Purpose
1.
To know
what language is.
2.
To know
what linguistics is.
3.
To know
what psychology is.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
LANGUAGE
1.
The Definition of Language
There are some definitions of language,
such as:
According to Oxford dictionary
language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by
people of a particular country or area.
Moreover, Wayne Weiten states that language
is consists of symbol that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those
symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of massage.
Then, According to Lyon language is the most of them here taken the views that
language are system of symbols, designed, as it were, for the purpose of communications.
Based on the definitions above, we
can understand that language is the system of communication in speech, writing
and symbol which is used by people.
B.
Linguistics
1.
The
Definition of Linguistics
Oxford dictionary describes
linguistics is the scientific of language or of particular language.
Raja T. Nasr defines that Linguistics
is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human behavior
and of the human abilities. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
According to Ferdinand de Saussure,
linguistics is the study of language, and as the study of the manifestations of
human speech. He says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of
languages, and with the social or cultural influences that shape the
development of language.
From the definitions above,
linguistics can be understood as the scientific study of language.
2.
Kinds of
Linguistics
Study of linguistic which learn
about internal stucture of language or relation between language and it structural
and external stucture of language or relation between language and the external
factors divided into macro and micro linguistics:
a.
Macro Linguistics
1)
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of
the relationship between language use and the structure of society. Sociolinguistics
is concerned with larger-scale interactions between language and society as a
whole.
b.
Micro linguistics
1) Phonology
Phonology is part of linguistic which study about sounds of
language. Phonology is the sound systems of languages, or the branch of
linguistics which studies these. Phonology deals with the ways in which sounds
behave in languages.
2) Morphology
Morphology is a part of language structure including word and
part of word which is called morpheme. Morphemes are the smallest parts that
have meaning.
Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of
language. It studies the structure of words, however from a semantic viewpoint
rather than from the viewpoint of sound. Morphology is intimately related to
syntax.
3) Syntax
Syntax is the part of grammar
that represents a speaker’s knowledge of sentences and their structures.
4) Semantics
Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes,
words, phrases, and sentence.
5) Lexicology
Lexicology is known as study of
vocabulary which study about details of word how to use the word what the
meaning of the word like be native usually use also studying about form an it
history.
C.
Psychology
1.
The
Definition of Psychology
There are some definitions of
psychology, such as:
Oxford dictionary defines psychology
as the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behavior, the kind of
mind that somebody has that makes them think or behave in a particular way, and
how the mind influences behavior in a particular area of life.
Psychology is described as the
scientific study of behavior and mental processes. As a scientific discipline,
psychology attempts to provide an understanding of how and why organisms behave
as they do.
It also can be defined as the scientific study of behavior and cognitive
processes. As such, psychology describes thinking and behavior and looks at the
relationships between them (the what), and tries to explain the causes for them
(the why).
Based on some definitions above, it
can be understood that psychology is a scientific study of cognitive processes
and behavior. It provides an understanding how the mind can influence the
behavior and why organisms behave they do.
2.
Scientific
Investigation in Psychology
a.
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology focuses on higher
mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making.
b.
Developmental
psychology
Developmental psychology studies how
people mature and change from the moment of conception until death.
c.
Social psychology
Social psychology investigates group
influence on the behavior of individuals. The behaviors of people in crowds,
works groups, and many other types of groups are studied by social psychology.
3.
Psychology
as Related to Other Sciences
1)
Psychology
and Sociology
Sociology studies the activities of a
group of people taken as a whole, while psychology studies the activities of
the individuals.
2)
Psychology
and Biology
Biology, being the science of living
creatures, includes psychology, which studies these creatures on the mental
side.
3)
Psychology
and Physiology
Physiology is that part of biology
that studies functions or activities; and, so defined, it includes psychology
as part of itself. In practice, psychology devotes itself to desire, thought,
memory, and such “mental functions”, while physiology concentrates its effort
upon “bodily functions” like digestion and circulation.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION
Based on the
explanations above, we can conclude that language is the system of
communication in speech, writing and symbol which is used by people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language
form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguistics divides into two kind, they are micro and
macro linguistics. Micro linguistics consists of: phonology, morphology,
syntax, semantics, and lexicology. While, macro linguistics consists of
sociolinguistics. Then, psychology is a scientific study of cognitive
processes and behavior. It provides an understanding how the mind can influence
the behavior and why organisms behave they do.
REFERENCES
De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1966. Course
in General Linguistics. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company)
Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, (New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966)
