A Paper
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS, AND PSYCHOLOGY
Presented to Fulfill the Requirement of the Task of Psycholinguistics
Subject Guided by : Trisna Dinillah Harya, M.Pd
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is a system of communication in speech and writing which is used by people of a particular country or area. It means that there is communication among people because of there is language in this world. It also means language can transfer culture from one generation to another as well as from one country to another. People can express their thoughts, feelings, and observations.
Because of language, there are linguistics and psychology. In this paper, we will try to discuss it.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is language?
2. What is linguistics?
3. What is psychology?
C. Purpose
1. To know what language is.
2. To know what linguistics is.
3. To know what psychology is.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. LANGUAGE
1. The Definition of Language
There are some definitions of language, such as:
According to Oxford dictionary language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country or area.[1]
Moreover, Wayne Weiten states that language is consists of symbol that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of massage.[2] Then, According to Lyon language is the most of them here taken the views that language are system of symbols, designed, as it were, for the purpose of communications.[3]
Based on the definitions above, we can understand that language is the system of communication in speech, writing and symbol which is used by people.
B. Linguistics
1. The Definition of Linguistics
Oxford dictionary describes linguistics is the scientific of language or of particular language.[4]
Raja T. Nasr defines that Linguistics is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human behavior and of the human abilities. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, linguistics is the study of language, and as the study of the manifestations of human speech. He says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of languages, and with the social or cultural influences that shape the development of language.[5]
From the definitions above, linguistics can be understood as the scientific study of language.
2. Kinds of Linguistics
Study of linguistic which learn about internal stucture of language or relation between language and it structural and external stucture of language or relation between language and the external factors divided into macro and micro linguistics:
a. Macro Linguistics
1) Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language use and the structure of society. Sociolinguistics is concerned with larger-scale interactions between language and society as a whole.[6]
b. Micro linguistics
1) Phonology
Phonology is part of linguistic which study about sounds of language. Phonology is the sound systems of languages, or the branch of linguistics which studies these. Phonology deals with the ways in which sounds behave in languages. [7]
2) Morphology
Morphology is a part of language structure including word and part of word which is called morpheme. Morphemes are the smallest parts that have meaning.
Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of language. It studies the structure of words, however from a semantic viewpoint rather than from the viewpoint of sound. Morphology is intimately related to syntax.[8]
3) Syntax
Syntax is the part of grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of sentences and their structures. [9]
4) Semantics
Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentence.[10]
5) Lexicology
Lexicology is known as study of vocabulary which study about details of word how to use the word what the meaning of the word like be native usually use also studying about form an it history.[11]
C. Psychology
1. The Definition of Psychology
There are some definitions of psychology, such as:
Oxford dictionary defines psychology as the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behavior, the kind of mind that somebody has that makes them think or behave in a particular way, and how the mind influences behavior in a particular area of life.[12]
Psychology is described as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. As a scientific discipline, psychology attempts to provide an understanding of how and why organisms behave as they do.[13] It also can be defined as the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes. As such, psychology describes thinking and behavior and looks at the relationships between them (the what), and tries to explain the causes for them (the why).
Based on some definitions above, it can be understood that psychology is a scientific study of cognitive processes and behavior. It provides an understanding how the mind can influence the behavior and why organisms behave they do.
2. Scientific Investigation in Psychology
a. Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology focuses on higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making.
b. Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology studies how people mature and change from the moment of conception until death.
c. Social psychology
Social psychology investigates group influence on the behavior of individuals. The behaviors of people in crowds, works groups, and many other types of groups are studied by social psychology.[14]
3. Psychology as Related to Other Sciences
1) Psychology and Sociology
Sociology studies the activities of a group of people taken as a whole, while psychology studies the activities of the individuals.
2) Psychology and Biology
Biology, being the science of living creatures, includes psychology, which studies these creatures on the mental side.
3) Psychology and Physiology
Physiology is that part of biology that studies functions or activities; and, so defined, it includes psychology as part of itself. In practice, psychology devotes itself to desire, thought, memory, and such “mental functions”, while physiology concentrates its effort upon “bodily functions” like digestion and circulation.[15]
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION
Based on the explanations above, we can conclude that language is the system of communication in speech, writing and symbol which is used by people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguistics divides into two kind, they are micro and macro linguistics. Micro linguistics consists of: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicology. While, macro linguistics consists of sociolinguistics. Then, psychology is a scientific study of cognitive processes and behavior. It provides an understanding how the mind can influence the behavior and why organisms behave they do.
REFERENCES
Aslinda and Leni Syafayahya. 2007. Pemgantar Sosiolinguistik. (Bandung: Rafika Aditama)
De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1966. Course in General Linguistics. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company)
F. Wittig, Arno. 2001. Theory and Problems of Introduction to Psychology Second Edition. (United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies)
Hornby, AS. 2010. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English The Eighth Edition. (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press).
Kracht, Marcus. Introduction to Linguistics, (Los Angeles)
Radford, Andrew. et.al.. 2009. Linguistic and Introduction Second Edition. (Cambridge University)
S. Woodworth, Robert. 1921. Psychology a Study of Mental Life, (New York: Henry Holt and Company)
Trask, R.L. 2007. Language and Linguistics second edition. (Taylor & Francis e-Library)
Usman in socio
Weiten, Wayne. 2007. Psychology: Themes and Variations, Briefer Study Guide Seventh Edition. (Thomson Wadsworth)
[1] AS Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2010), The Eighth Edition, p. 834
[2] Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes and Variations, Briefer Study Guide, (Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), Seventh Edition, p.5
[3] Aslinda and Leni Syafayahya. Pemgantar Sosiolinguistik, (Bandung: Rafika Aditama, 2007), p. 1-2
[4] As, Hornby, Op.Cit., p.866
[5] Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966)
[6] Andrew Radford, et.al., Linguistic and Introduction Second Edition, (Cambridge University, 2009), p.14
[7] R.L, Trask, Language and Linguistics second edition, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. P.2016
[8] Andrew Radford, et.al., p. 79
[9] Marcus Kracht, Introduction to Linguistics, (Los Angeles), p.86
[10] Ibid., p.140
[11] Usman in socio
[12] AS Hornby, Op.Cit., p.1183
[13] Arno F. Wittig, Theory and Problems of Introduction to Psychology, (United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001), Second Edition, p. iii
[14] Ibid, p. 1-7
[15] Robert S. Woodworth, Psychology a Study of Mental Life, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1921), p. 5-6
