Makalah SEMANTICS : Pengertian, Tipe dan Tujuan SEMANTICS

 

SEMANTICS

A.    Definition of semantics

There are some definition of semantics. Oxford dictionary devides semantics into two definition. The first is the study of meaning of words and sentences. Another definition is the meaning of words, phrase or system[1]

Moreover, according to Lyons, semantics is the study of meaning. Then, Hurford & Heasly state that semantics is the study of meaning in language. Next, Saeed says that semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language. Another statement is the part of linguistics that is concerned with meaning stated by Lobner.

Other expert assume that semantics is the part of linguistic. One of them is kreidler. He defined that linguistic semantics is the study of how language organize and express meaning.

The statement above provide a selection of definition. Something that can be noticed is there is no complete agreement about the definition of semantics. For some expert, semantics focused on the study of meaning as communicated through language, while for others, semantics studies all aspects of meaning and they have to add the label “Linguistic“ to arrive at a more precise definition.[2]

Therefore, we can conclude that semantics is a study which is focused on how language organize and express meaning of words, phrase or system, and sentences.

 

B.     The scopes of semantics

The study of semantics can be stated in some question, they are:

1.      What is semantics?

2.      What is the object study semantics?

3.      How many kinds of semantics?

4.      What is the position of semantics in semiotics?

5.      How is the relation between semantics and other science?

6.      What is the definition of meaning?

7.      How many kinds of meaning?

8.      How to change of meaning?

 

 

C.     The goals of semantics

The goal of linguistic semantics is to describe the meaning of linguistic elements and to study the principles which allow (and exclude) the assignment of meaning to combinations of these elements.

1.      Characterizes the systematic meaning relations between words and sentences of language, and

2.      Provides an accound of the relations between linguistics expressions and the things that they can be used to talk about.

 

CONCLUSION

Semantics is a branch of lingistics. The major focus on semantics is meaning, because semantics is the study which is focused on how language organize and express meaning of words, phrase or system, and sectences. The scope of semantics are: the definition of semantics, the object of study in semantics, the kinds of semantics, the position of semantics in semiotics, the relation between semantics and other science, the definition of meaning, the kinds of meaning, the change of meaning, level of studying about meaning, the relation of meaning among figure of speech, proverb, and expression, the range of meaning, analysis of meaning. The aim of semantics is to describe the meaning of words, phrase, ang sentences.

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[1] A. S. hornby , oxford advanced learners dictionary (eighth edition), 2010, university of oxford: oxford university press, p.399

[2] SEMANTICA INGLESIA: Unit 1. What is Semantics? . pdf

SEMANTICS : LEXICAL MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL MEANING

 

LEXICAL MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL MEANING

A.     The definition of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning

1.      The definition of lexical meaning

According to Richard Nordquist, lexical meaning is refers to the sense or meaning of a word or lexeme as it appears meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning.

According to English Dictionary, lexical meaning is a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts, without reference to any sentence in which the word may occure compare grammatical meaning, content word.

Based on statement above, we can conclude that lexical meaning is a meaning that based on the word in the dictionary.

2.      The definition of grammatical meaning

Grammatical meaning is meaning that possesedly a stem because grammatical process, such as affixation or tenses.

The second definition from free dictionary, grammatical meaning is the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence.

Based on the statement above, we can conclude that, grammatical meaning is a meaning that based on word formation or word structure.

B.     The example of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning

1.      The example of lexical meaning

Meaning that define in the dictionary is lexical meaning. The example of lexical meaning is the same as in the dictionary, such as:

a.       She angry with her brother : dia marah dengan saudara laki-lakinya.

b.      Two cat : dua kucing

c.       She go to school : dia pergi ke sekolah.

2.      The example of grammatical meaning

The meaning that based on word structure or word formation is grammatical meaning. The example such as:

a.       She angry with her brother : simple present tense

b.      Cat : singular, cats : plural

C.     The differences between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning

The differences between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning is lexical meaning is dominant in content words whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function word. Lexical meaning just focused on meaning but in grammatical meaning focus on the role of grammatical.

D.     Types of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning

1.      Types of lexical meaning

a.       Denotative/ conceptual meaning

b.      Connotative meaning

c.       Social/ stylistic meaning

d.      Affective meaning

e.       Reflected meaning

f.       Collocative meaning

g.       Thematic meaning

2.      Types of grammatical meaning

a.       Implicit (not expressed formally)

b.      Explicit (always marked morphology)

 

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SEMANTICS : HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY

 

HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY

A.    The definition of homonymy and polysemy

1.      The definition of homonymy

According to Lyons, homonymy is a term used in semantics for lexical items that are identical item in selling in pronounciation but have different meanings.

Hartmann and Stork said, homonymy is different word with the same pronounciation that may or may not be identical in spelling.

On a larger scope, homonymy is define as a word that is identican in form with another word, either in sound (as a homophone) or in spelling (as a homoghaph), or both, but differs from it in meaning.

Based on definitions above, the writers can conclude thah homonymy is a word that have different meaning but have same in spelling and pronounciation in terms.

 

2.      The definition of polysemy

According to Feelbaum, polysemy is a particular word exhibits variations of its seen depending on the context of its use.

Inggrid Lossius Falkum said polysemy is a single word form can be associated with saveral different meaning is a well known fact about language.

According to traditionally, polysemy is described as an association of two or more related sense with a single word form.

Based on the definition above, the writer can conclude that polysemy is a word that have more that one meaning.

 

B.     Type of homonymy

Homonymy consist of homographs and homophones

1.      Homographs

Homographs are a word identical in spelling but different both in their sound-form and meaning.

Present A gift	Present To introduce
Bow To bend at the waste	Bow A piece of archery equipment
Can Verb (modal)	Can Noun
Bank Of a financial institution	Bank Of a river

 

 

2.      Homophones

Homophones are a word identical in sound-form but different both in spelling and in meaning.

Examples: son and sun (san)

Son : the boy of child

Sun : the one of planet

 

C.     The example of polysemy

1.      Head : part of body and person in change of organitation

 

 

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