CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In fiction a wish is a supernatural demand placed on the recipient's
unlimited request. When it is the center of a tale, the wish is usually a
template for a morality
tale, "be
careful what you wish for"; it can also be a small part of a tale, in
which case it is often used as a plot device. One can wish on many things for
example: wishing wells, dandelions when one blows the seeds or light them on
fire, stars and much more. When one wishes in a well he or she throws money in,
in the hope his or her wish comes true, the money normally goes to a charity.
A template for fictional wishes could
be The Book of One Thousand and
One Nights,
specifically the tale of Aladdin, although in the tale of Aladdin the
actual wishes were only part of the tale. Also, Aladdin's demands, while
outrageous, were mainly variations on wealth (which is still often taken as the
most common request).
Classically the wish provider is often
a spirit, Genie or similar entity, bound or
constrained within a commonplace object (Aladdin's oil lamp for example) or a container closed
with Solomon's seal. Releasing the entity from its
constraint, usually by some simple action, allows the object's possessor to
make a wish.
The subservience of the
extraordinarily powerful entity to the wisher can be explained in several ways.
The entity may be grateful to be free of its constraint and the wish is a
thank-you gift. The entity may be bound to obedience by its prison or some
other item that the wisher possesses. The entity may, by its nature, be unable
to exercise its powers without an initiator.
Other wish providers are a wide
variety of, more or less, inanimate objects. W.W. Jacob's Monkey's Paw is an example of this. Piers Anthony puts a spin on this idea in Castle
Roogna: a magic ring
claims to grant wishes and then claims credit when a wish comes true,
apparently from the unaided efforts of the characters—but every wish made on
the ring sooner or later comes true.
Some wishes appear to be granted by
nothing in particular. Snow White's mother's wish for a beautiful child
might have been a coincidence, but the father's wish in The Seven
Ravens transforms his seven sons into ravens, just as
the mother's wish in The Raven transforms her daughter. This is common in a tale
involving a person, male or female, wishing for a child, even one that is a hedgehog, or a sprig of myrtle, or no bigger than a
hazel nut.
The number of wishes granted varies.
Aladdin had an unlimited number in the original story, but was restricted to
three wishes in the 1992 Disney film.
As in the Charles
Perrault tale The Ridiculous Wishes, three is the most common,[4] but others may be granted to fit the
constraints of the tale. Several authors have spun variations of the wish for
more wishes theme, though some disallow this as cheating.
In many stories the wording of the wish is extremely
important. For example, characters often say, "I wish I was wealthy."
This wording could be taken literally, the wish granted so that at one time the
wisher was (used to be) wealthy but is not any more. Saying, "I wish to be
wealthy", then because "to be" refers to either the present or
the future, they would become wealthy.
A common problem is the granter of the
wish being either extremely
literal or through
malice granting the request in a manner designed to cause maximum distress
(such as a request for wealth being granted through inheritance/insurance on
the death of a loved one). Certain authors have also tried an "always
on" approach: the careless use of the word "wish" in everyday
conversation having, often unpleasant, consequences.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. LISTEN
FOR WISHES
a. Definition
of Wishes
In part A, speaker sometime say, “I wish...”.
This implies that the wish is impossible. If
I say “I wish I could swim,” it implies that I can not swim. (Wish is different than hope. Wishes are not true. Hopes might still come true.)
b. Listen for Wishes
The Ten Best Tips to Get a
High Score on the TOEFL. The TOEFL is one of the most difficult tests you will
ever take in your life. There are some
strategies or tips that can help you to
answer toefl listening test, such as :
1.
Make sure you
understand the TOEFL!
The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is
an English proficiency test produced by an American company called ETS. It is a
test that measures your English reading, listening, speaking, and writing
skills, and your ability to succeed at an English-speaking university.
2.
Be prepared!
You
should give yourself 6 months – 1 year to be fully prepared for the test,
especially if you have never taken the test before.
3. Read
Everything. Listen to Everything.
I
cannot stress this enough. When you are preparing for the TOEFL, it is not good
enough to just listen to and read things that you enjoy and are interested in.
You need to read widely to build your vocabulary. On the TOEFL you will read
passages or listen to lectures on everything from astronomy and American
history to psychology and biology!
4. Learn
how to take good notes.
This is
an essential skill you will need for the listening, speaking and writing
sections of the test – AND a skill you will need later on at an
English-speaking university.
5.
Make sure your
pronunciation is clear.
On the TOEFL, it’s OK to speak English with an accent.
Your pronunciation doesn’t have to be perfect, but you need to speak clearly
and be understood. The speaking section measures three things:
·
How well you answer
the question and complete the task
·
The grammar and
vocabulary you use
·
How you sound
6. Get
Used to a QWERTY Keyboard
The
final section on the TOEFL is the writing section. You will need to use a
QWERTY keyboard to type your responses into the computer. It’s called a QWERTY
keyboard because the top row of letters starts from the left with the letters
QWERTY. LOOK CAREFULLY!
7. Learn
how to write an English Essay
As I
mentioned in tip #6, the last section of the TOEFL is the writing section.
There are two writing tasks. The last task, and the very last thing you will do
on the TOEFL, is type a 300-word essay within 30 minutes.
8. Practice,
practice, practice.
This is
the best tip I can give you. Students are always looking for a trick or a
secret they can learn to help them do better on the TOEFL. This is it! Once you
know the TOEFL inside and out, the only thing that can help you get better at
it is to keep practicing it!
9. Learn
how to relax!
You’re
probably laughing at this tip, but this is very important! A lot of people find
this test quite stressful. Let’s be honest: it’s not an easy test! It is
important to remain calm and relaxed throughout the test.
10. Take
the test at least twice, if not more.
No one
will ever know your TOEFL score unless you tell them. The university you want to attend won’t
know if you’ve taken the test once or 10 times. They will only know the score
you tell them. Don’t worry if you get a low score the first time – no one will
ever know but you! You can keep taking the test as many times as you need to.
Example:
1.
On the
recording, you hear:
(woman) It is too bad you have to stay here and work.
(man) Yes,
I really wish I could go with you to the concert.
(narrator)
What does the man mean?
(A)
May be
he will go with the woman to the concert.
(B)
He is
unable to go to the concert.
(C)
He is happy
to be going to the concert.
(D)
He is
going to the concert, but not with the woman
Answer (B) is correct. If the man wishes he could go, it implies that he
can not go.
2.
On the
recording, you hear:
(woman)
Its too had that you have to stay here and work during the school break.
(man) I
really wish I could go with you and the others to Palm Springs.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A)
Maybe
he will go with the others on the trip.
(B)
He is
unable to go on the trip.
(C)
He is
happy to be going on the trip.
(D)
He is
going on the trip, but not with the others.
In this Conversation the man wishes that he
could go with the others on the trip, so the implied meaning is that he is
unable to go. The correct answer is therefore answer (B).
The following chart outlines the key points
that you should know about wishes:
Key information about wishes
a)
An
affirmative wish implies a negative reality.
I
wish I had time to help. (I do not have time to help)
I wish I were good
at math. (I am not good at math)
I
wish I had finished my work. (I did not finish my work)
b)
A
negative wish implies an affirmative reality.
I
wish I did not have to do this. (I have to do this)
I
wish I were not late. (I am late)
I
had not forgotten my purse. (I forgot my purse)
c)
A wish
with a past tense verb is talking about the present.
I
wish I had time to help. (I don’t have time to help now)
I
wish I were good at math. (I am not good at math now)
I
wish I did not have to do this. (I have to do this now)
I
wish I were not late. (I am late now)
d)
A wish
with a past perfect tense verb is talking about the past.
I
wish I had finished it. (I did not finish it in the past)
I
wish I had been on time. (I was not on time in the past)
I
wish I had not forgotten it. (I forgot in the past)
I wish
I had eaten that bug. (I ate a bug in the past)
Execise:
In this exercise, underline the wish in each
short conversation. Then read the question and choose the best answer to that
question. Remember that the best answer is one that implies the opposite of
what is said.
1. (A) The sky is not very cloudy.
(B) The sky yesterday was cloudier than it is
today.
(C) The sky is too cloudy.
(D) The sky is rather clear.
2. (A) He didn’t eat very much.
(B) He plans on eating a lot.
(C) He thinks he is eating a lot.
(D) He ate too much.
3. (A) She is coming to the party.
(B) She might come to the party.
(C) She will try to come to the party.
(D) She is not coming to the party.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
Some cultures have customs in which people
are encouraged to "make a wish", such as blowing out the candles on a
birthday cake, seeing a shooting star at night, tossing
a coin into a wishing well or fountain or breaking the wishbone of a cooked turkey. Many believe such
wishes can only come true if they are kept a secret from other people. Others,
on the other hand, believe that wishes come true only if they are told to
someone else. Others view wish fulfillment as a bad faith self-delusion. And for listening it self can make
REFERENCES
Modul listening 3, Widhiya Ninsiana, M.Hum.
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