CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background Of Study
Speakers have various
ways of saying the same thing. It may arise from the mechanical limitations of
the speech organs for instance speaker may not be fully under the speaker’s
control. The choice of linguistically elements is done by consciously or
unconsciously. Two or more distinct but linguistically equivalent variants
represent the existence of a linguistic variable. Linguistic variable is
linguistic unit or a sociolinguistic has variant in lexical and grammatical,
but are most often phonological. For
instance British English is (h) which stands for the presence or absence of /h/
in words such as hammer, house and hill. Chicano English the levelling of past
tense be in ‘We was there,’. Speakers in Aberdeen, North-East Scotland may
choose between the terms boy, loon, loonie, lad or laddie when referring to a
young male person, or between quine, quinie, lass, lassie, or girl in reference
to a young female. Different words refer to the same things; therefore we can
conclude that each language has a number of varieties.
The terms of variety
language are emerged due to different systems reflecting different varieties of
the human condition. Variety is a specific set of ‘linguistic items’ or ‘human
speech patterns’ (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical features, etc.) which
we can connect with some external factor apparently, a geographical area or a
social group (Hudson, 1996; Ferguson, 1972 and Wardhaugh, 2006). Languages can
be at variance in lexical, grammatical, phonological and other ways depends on
different social, geographical and other circumstances determine what elements
will be needed and, therefore developed, and for that reason sociolinguistics
believe that such unique sets of items or patterns do exist.
B.
Problem Identification
1. What is the Meaning of Dialect and Varieties?
2. What is the Relation between Language, Dialect and Varieties?
C.
The Purpose of Study
1. To know about the Dialect and Varieties.
2.
To know the relation
between Language, Dialect and Varieties.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Dialect and Varieties
1.
The Definition of Dialect and Varieties
Dialect is lower part of variety language and Language as the main
part of variety language.
Edward defined dialect as a variety of a language that differs from
others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent).
Many people there can be no confusion at all about what language they speak. For
example, they are Chinese, Japanese, or Korean and they speak. Chinese,
Japanese, and Korean can speak respectively.[1]
Coulmas argues that as simple as that; language and ethnicity are
virtually synonymous. A Chinese may be surprised to find that another person
who appears to be Chinese does not speak Chinese, and some Japanese have gone
so far as to claim not to be able to understand Caucasians who speak fluent
Japanese. Just as such a strong connection between language and ethnicity may
prove to be invaluable in the national building. It can also be fraught with
problems when individuals and groups seek to realize some other identity in
their environment.[2]
From the statement above, we can conclude that dialect is a language variety, spoken by a speech community, that is characterized by
systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish
it from other varieties of that same language.
2.
The Types of Dialect and Varieties
There are several types of the Dialect such as Regional Dialect,
Social Dialect, Style Register and Belief, Continua Dialect, and Dialect
Geography.[3]
a.
Regional Dialect
Regional variation in the way a language is spoken is likely to
provide one of the easiest ways of observing variety in language. As you travel
throughout a wide geographical area in which a language is spoken, and
particularly if that language has been spoken in that area for many hundreds of
years, you are almost certain to notice differences in pronunciation, in the
choices and forms of words, and in syntax. There may even be very distinctive
local colorings in the language which you notice as you move from one location
to another. Such distinctive varieties are usually called regional dialects of
the language.
The study that investigates different varieties on the basis of clusters of
similar and different features in particular regions, towns or villages is
called regional dialectology (Edward, 2009). It is quite interesting that the
discriminations respondents make in exercises like the Map drawing task and the
accent-ordering task are often similar to the discriminations linguists make
between varieties. Dialect–patois distinction is Patois is usually used to
describe only rural forms of speech; we may talk about an urban dialect, but to
talk about an urban patois. Patois also seems to refer only to the speech of
the lower strata in society; again, we may talk about a middle-class dialect
but not, apparently, about a middle-class patois. Finally, a dialect usually
has a wider geographical distribution than a patois.
According to Llamas patois refer to a non-standard spoken variety and can
carry the negative connotation of ‘uneducated’, and so is rarely used in
sociolinguistics.[4]
Mesthrie argues that patois also well known as local languages in France
are characterized by an 'incapacity to serve beyond their limited frameworks'
and their speakers have 'difficulties in adapting them to the development of
ideas and techniques’.[5]
The term patois is found without negative connotation among some speech
communities. Dialect geography is the term used to describe attempts made to
map the distributions of various linguistic features so as to show their
geographical provenance. Now we go to
Dialect vs. Accent section. Dialect is the variety of vocabulary, syntax,
pronunciation. Accent is variety only in pronunciation. Accent also well-known
as RP (receive pronunciation). Standard English as the prestige dialect of
British English, Prescribed in official and formal settings and approved for
writing in the education system. RP is standard accent which can be taught and
it is prestigious. British accent is preferred one to teach because it is lack
a regional association within England. It is also known as BBC, Oxford, Queen
English, and being Standard English in England. It tends to be spoken by
educated speakers regardless of geographical origin.
b.
Social Dialect
Social dialect is
difference speech associate with various social groups. Social dialects create
among social groups and are related to a variety of factors such as social
class, religion, and ethnicity. In India, for example, caste is one of the
clearest of all social differentiators. Branch of linguistic study that
linguistically city characterized is called social dialectology.
Ethnic group in USA
AAVE (African American Vernacular English), also known as Ebonics, Black
English (BE), Black English Vernacular (BEV) show hyper corrective tendencies
in that they tend to overdo certain imitative behaviors freely use the habitual
form of misapplication rules. Hyper correction is the overgeneralization of
linguistic forms which carry obvious social prestige often through the
misapplication of rules (e.g. allows deletion ‘They are going’ can become ‘They
going’ and dog pronounce as the vocal of the book: dug).
c. Style, Register, and
Belief
Wardhaugh argues that
'style' relates to the typical ways in which one or more people do a particular
thing. Style in language behavior thus becomes alternative way of expressing
the same content. Style is the way speakers speak, the speaker also can make a
choice weather informal and formal, it depends on circumstance and the age and
social group of participant. Registers refer to particular ways of using
language in particular settings within that community. Register is a set of
linguistic items were associated with discrete occupational and social groups.
Surgeons, airline pilots, bank managers, sales clerks, jazz fans, and pimps
employ different registers, they develop similar vocabulary and intonation we also talk about dialect, register, and
style independently, we may talk casually in local variety of language, write
formal technical study and also making judgment “better or worse” to speaker
who has the same background. And about belief is systems of ideas or ideology,
some people believed that certain language is lack of grammar, we can speak
English without accent. Also English is believed false language; pronunciation
is based on spelling, and slipping language. The representations of belief can
operate the interests of an identifiable social class or cultural group. This
tendency will create language behavior and attitude by several group of people
act or behave toward language differently and sociolinguist should strive for
understanding how people behave toward language and linguistic feature rely on
person as being particular place, a social class members, and specific
profession.
d.
Dialect Continua
This use of the term dialect to differentiate among regional
varieties can be confounded by what is called a dialect continuum, in
which there is gradual change of the language. Over large distances the
dialects at each end of the continuum may well be mutually unintelligible,
although speakers can easily understand people in neighboring areas. In these
cases, it was (and still is) possible to travel long distances and, by making
only small changes in speech from location to location, continue to communicate
with the inhabitants. (You might have to travel somewhat slowly, however,
because of the necessary learning that would be involved!) It has been said
that at one time a person could travel from the south of what is now Italy to
the north of what is now France in this manner. It is quite clear that such a
person began the journey speaking one language and ended it speaking something
entirely different; however, there was no one point at which the changeover
occurred, nor is there actually any way of determining how many intermediate
dialect areas that person passed through. For an intriguing empirical test of
this idea, one using recent phonetic data from a continuum of Saxon and
Franconian dialects in the Netherlands, see Heeringa and Nerbonne. They
conclude that the traveler ‘perceives phonological distance indirectly’ and
that there are ‘un sharp borders between dialect areas’.
In such a distribution, which dialects can be classified together
under one language, and how many such languages are there? As we have suggested
above, this distinction is based more on social identity and political
boundaries than on linguistic criteria. The hardening of political boundaries
in the modern world as a result of the growth of states, particularly
nation-states rather than multinational or multiethnic states, has led to the hardening
of language boundaries. Although residents of territories on both sides of the
Dutch–German border (within the West Germanic continuum) or the French–Italian
border (within the West Romance continuum) have many similarities in speech
even today, they will almost certainly tell you that they speak dialects of
Dutch or German in the one case and French or Italian in the other. Various
pressures political, social, cultural, and educational may serve to harden
state boundaries and to make the linguistic differences among states more, not
less, pronounced.
e.
Dialect Geography
When a language is recognized as being spoken in different
varieties, the issue becomes one of deciding how many varieties and how to
classify each variety. Dialect
geography is the term used to describe attempts made to map the
distributions of various linguistic features so as to show their geographical
provenance. For example, in seeking to determine features of the dialects of
English and to show their distributions, dialect geographers try to find
answers to questions such as the following. Is this an r-pronouncing
area of English, as in words like car and cart, or is it not?
What past tense form of drink do speakers prefer? What names do people
give to particular objects in the environment, for example, elevator or lift,
carousel or roundabout? We calls such features variables, as there are variable
(i.e., varied and changing) ways of realizing them. For example, the past tense
of drink might be drank or drunk, or the words for the
fuel you put in an automobile could be petrol or gas. Sometimes
maps are drawn to show actual boundaries around such variables, boundaries
called isoglosses, so as to
distinguish an area in which a certain feature is found from areas in which it
is absent. When several such isoglosses coincide, the result is sometimes
called a dialect boundary.[6]
3.
The Example of Dialect
|
NO
|
Indonesian
|
Minang Standard
|
Sawahlunto
|
|
1
|
Nyamuk (N)
|
Rangik/Nyamuak
|
Sponkiang
|
|
2
|
Menyapu (V)
|
Nyapu
|
Kuyia
|
|
3
|
Makan (V)
|
Makan
|
Maken
|
|
4
|
Parang (N)
|
Ladiang
|
Kadubang
|
|
5
|
Jendela (N)
|
Jendela
|
Samiu
|
|
6
|
Cangkul (N)
|
Pangkua
|
Pangku
|
|
7
|
Tidak (negative)
|
Indak
|
Idak
|
|
8
|
Tidur (V)
|
Lalok
|
Lolok
|
|
9
|
Buang air kecil
|
Kajamban
|
Takanciang
|
|
10
|
Selimut(N)
|
Salimuik
|
Kampua
|
|
11
|
Ember (N)
|
Embe
|
Baladi
|
|
12
|
Kamar mandi (N)
|
Wece
|
Luak
|
|
13
|
Lampu (N)
|
Lampu
|
Suluah
|
|
14
|
Biru (adj)
|
Biru
|
Dabuang
|
|
15
|
Belum (adv)
|
Alun
|
Olum
|
|
16
|
Dahulu (adv)
|
Dulu
|
Nombai
|
|
17
|
Bertemu (V)
|
Basobok
|
Basuo
|
|
18
|
Katak (N)
|
Koncek
|
Kangkuang
|
B.
RELATION BETWEEN LANGUAGE, DIALECT AND VARIETIES
Wardhaugh distinguished the terms language and dialect as follow: Lower
part of variety language is dialect and as the main part is language, therefore
we can say that Texas English and Swiss German are dialects of English and
German. Some languages have more than one dialect for instance English are
spoken in various dialects. Language and dialect can be the same when language
was spoken by a few people and has only one variety but some expert say it is
unsuitable to say dialect and language is the same because the requirement of
lower part cannot be found. We can say also Dialect A, B, C and so on is the
part of language X because it is spoken by many varieties dialect A, B, C.
Edward also defined dialect as a variety of a language that differs from
others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent).
It is because they are the forms of the same language. He states also dialects
are mutually unintelligible. Indeed language is major part of dialect. The
others dialect that is mutually unintelligible for example Dutch and German
speaker cannot understand each other even basically both of them have same
language, another example is Mandarin and Cantonese, Thai and Lao, Hindi and
Urdu, Serbia and Croatian etc.
UNESCO defined also vernacular as a language which is the mother tongue of
a group which is socially or politically dominated by another group speaking a
different language.
Koine In a broad, it refers to any common or widely shared variety of
language. A narrower definition refer to a variety of a language, normally
showing mixing, level and simplification, which develops as a result of rapid
population movement and mixing of speakers of different dialects in a new
community. The term 'koine' originates from Greek word for 'common'.
7 Criteria of Language:[7]
1. Standardization: Codification of language: grammars, spelling books,
dictionaries, literature. It is possible to teach. To make standardization, it
requires choosing one elite vernacular and it can be prestigious.
2. Vitality: the existence of a living community of speakers.
3. Historicity : a particular group
of people finds their identity by using a particular language.
4. Autonomy : Other speakers of a
language must be felt different from other languages.
5. Reduction : particular variety
may be regarded as a sub-variety rather than as an independent entity.
6. Mixture: Feelings about the purity or lack of purity of variety.
7. De facto norms: speakers recognize as ‘good’ speakers and ‘poor’ speakers
and that the good speakers represent the norms of proper usage.
From the statement above, we can conclude that a dialect is a type of language spoken by a group of people.
Sometimes people who live in the same place make a dialect. Sometimes people
who are similar in some way make a dialect. There is no agreed difference
between a dialect and a language. Other dialects are different types of a
language that come from different places or countries. The various
relationships among languages and dialects discussed above can be used to show
how the concepts of ‘power’ and ‘solidarity’ help us understand what is
happening. Power requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between
entities: one has more of something that is important, e.g. status, money,
influence. Language has more power than any of its dialects. It is the powerful
dialect but it has become so because of non-linguistic factors. Standard
English and Parisian French are good examples. Still another difficulty arises
from the fact that the terms.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
1.
Dialect
is a language variety, spoken by a speech community, that
is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical,
grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language.
2.
There
are several types of the Dialect such as Regional Dialect, Social Dialect,
Style Register and believe, Continua Dialect, and Dialect Geography.
3.
The
relation between Language, Dialect and Varieties is dialect as the lower part of variety language while the language is the
main part itself.
REFERENCE
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1995. Language
Bahasa Jakarta: Gramedia Pusaka Utama.
Edward. 2009. Language and Identity:
An Introduction. Cambridge University Press: New York
Llamas et al. Eds. 2007. The
Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. Routledge: New York
Mesthrie R Eds. (2001). Concise
Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics Elsevier: UK
Meyerhoff M. (2006). Introducing
Sociolinguistics. Routledge: New York
Wardhaugh R. (2006). An Introduction
to Sociolinguistics Fifth Edition. Blackwell Publishing: Australia
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