SEMANTICS : FULL WORD AND EMPTY WORD

 

FULL WORD AND EMPTY WORD

 

Full words in English are form of the major parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives. It has meaning in lexical and grammatical.

The example:

1.      Noun               : bag, book, ruler, and so on.

2.      Verb                : read, write, sleep, and so on

3.      Adjectives       : confused, angry, clean, and so on

 

Full words is the words that has lexical meaning rather than grammatical meaning, it is a word or morpheme that function grammatically as a contentive. The examples of full word-forms are: sing, blue, gently, man, came, green, badly.

Empty word is the words traditionally grouped into the following the part of speech: interjections, articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions – not all of them are necessarily manifested in every language.

Examples of empty words:

Interjection            : oh my god, well, uh, oh, etc

Articles                  : a, an, the

Prepositions           : with, to, for, after, beside, etc

Pronouns               : this, I, you, they, mine, my, etc

Conjunctions         : and but because, before, etc

Utterance              : Hi…Hello…Wow

 

Differences between full word and empty word

 

Let’s take example to know different between full word-forms and empty word-forms:

            Boys like to play

In this example, the full word forms are “boys”, “like”, and “play” and they have particular meaning that enables them to be put in isolation, but it is not the case for “to” which is a meaningless item that has no sense as a single unit.

Every full word can be substituted by another full word of the same paradigmatic quality in the formal structure, e.g. the English word “daffodil” can have certain semantic functions in a sentence (which is the most complicated structural unit itself) and be substituted by wild lily, hope, rose.

Empty word cannot stand alone because if it stands alone, it does not have meaningful meaning.

 

Function of full word and empty word

 

Full words perform two important functions; semantic and grammatical:

1.      In semantic, it presents the semantic material for building the lexical meaning and the theme in the text.

2.      In grammar, full words function as sentence members, they structure sentences grammatically.

Empty word in building the above-mentioned “metasemantics“ in communication:

1.      Building logical and semantic coherence

2.      Marking out new vs. old information

3.      Marking e meaning cohere with the non-verbal context.

 

 

 

SEMANTICS : EMOTIVE MEANING AND CONNOTATION

 

EMOTIVE MEANING AND CONNOTATION

 

A.    The definition of emotive meaning and connotation

1.      Emotive meaning

According to Shipley, emotive meaning is the meaning that arises due to the speaker’s reaction or the speaker’s attitude about what is in mind or in feeling.

Pateda explains the meaning of emotive is the meaning arising from the speaker’s reaction or the attitude of the speaker about or against what is thought of felt.

Darma explains the meaning of emotive is a meaning that involves a positive sense of direction. Emotive meaning also involve feelings (speaker and listener, writer and reader) in a positive direction.

From the statement above the writer conclude that emotive meaning is the meanings that give the meaning with the directly expression or emotional feeling of the speaker.

Example:

The word buffalo that appears in the order words you are a buffalo. The word buffalo creates an uncomfortable feeling for the listener/ with the word buffalo containing the meaning of emotion. The word buffalo is assosiated with a lazy behavior and is considered an insult. The person who hears it feels offended.

 

2.      Connotation

Connotation is a subjective or cultural or emotional meaning attached to a word or phrase.

Connotation represents the various social overtones, cultural implication, or emotional meaning associated with a sign. Connotations can be either positive or negative.

Example:

A possitive connotation is a strongly stubborn “strong-willed” word, while the negative connotation example is “pig-headed” which also has a stubborn but negative assosiation.

 

 

 

B.     Function of emotive meaning and connotation

1.      Function of emotive meaning

Emotive function is tosay something to someone with a word that depends on someone’s attitude without showing the real word.

2.      Function of connotation

Connotation has a function as the way for speak using symbolism, personification, metaphor, and simile like usually found in poetry, poem, etc.

 

C.     The differential between emotive meaning and connotation

1.      Emotive meaning show the expression or feeling that usually like a negative meaning, on the other hand emotive meaning doesn’t present the sincere meaning while connotation give the meaning that depends on the used for such as negative, neutral, or positive meaning.

2.      Emotive meaning was oriented based on the directly expression of the speaker while connotation show the intonation or emotional meaning of the speaker.

 

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SEMANTICS: DESCRIPTIVE AND DOUBLE FACED MEANING

 

DESCRIPTIVE AND DOUBLE FACED MEANING

A.    The definition of descriptive meaning

Based on oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, descriptive is saying how language is actually use, without giving rules for how its should be used.[1] Next, in oxford advanced learner’s dictionary meaning is the time or idea that sound, word, sign, etc.[2] Then, descriptive meaning is meaning that describe in the language. meaning means anything that affects the relative normality of grammatical expressions (a contextual approach to meaning).

Moreover, descriptive meaning of an expression is that aspect of meaning which only concerns the relationship between a given sign and its denotation.[3]

Based on the definition above, we can conclude that descriptive meaning is meaning that describe an expression or anything through language.

On the other hand, in descriptive meaning there are characteristics of descriptive meaning, dimentions of descriptive meaning, and non-descriptive dimentions.

1.      Characteristic of descroptive meaning

a.       Logical, proporsional

Logical is following or able to follow the rules of logic in which ideas or fact are based on other true ideas or a facts. [4] The aspect of the meaning of a sentence that determines whether any proposition it expresses is true or false.

b.      Referential

Referential is a think you say or write that mention else: the act of mentioning.[5] The aspect of the meaning of a sentence that constrains what it can be used to refer to.

c.       Objective

Objective is something that you are trying or achieve.[6] The aspect of the meaning of a sentence that interposes distance between the speaker and the sentence.

d.      Descriptive

Descriptive is saying how language is actually use, without giving rules for how its should be used.[7] The aspect of the meaning of a sentence that is fully conceptualized, i.e., provides conceptual categories into which experience maybe sorted.

e.       Exposed

Exposed is to show that usually hidden.[8] The aspect of the meaning of a sentence that can be negated or questioned (can be within the scope of negation or questioning) (that’s a lie, that’s not true targets the descriptive meaning).

2.      Dimentions of descriptive meaning

a.       Intrinsic dimentions

In the intrinsic dimention include: quality, intensity, specificity, vagueness, basic, viewpoint.

b.      Relative dimentions

In the relative dimention include: necessity and expectedness, sufficiency, salience.

3.      Non-descriptive dimentions

a.       Expressive meaning

1)      Expresses the speaker’s emotional state at the moment of utterance.

2)      Does not contribute to proporsinal content.

3)      Cannot be questioned or denied.

4)      Different mode of signification.

B.     The definition of double faced meaning

Based on oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, double is twice as much or as many as usually.[9] Then, based on oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, faced is an expression that is shown on face: a sad/ happy/ smiling face.[10] Next, oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, meaning is the tie or idea that sound, word, sign, etc.[11]

Double faced meaning is equivalent of utterance with expression of face. Utterance Based on oxford advanced learner’s dictionary means the act of expressing something in words or something that you say.[12] In a communication person express whatever that they say, so, in this definition etterance related to expression of person exprecially in their face. Therefore, expression on face is a look on a person’s face that shows their thoughts or feelings.

The example of double faced meaning :

For instance, when somebodies say “I am afraid” so, they will show the fear face and when they say “I am sad”, they can show sadness of face.

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[1] Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, oxford university press: new york, 2010, p. 395

[2] Ibid, p. 920

[3] Cruse. A, 2004, meaning in language, an intruduction to semantics and pragmatics, oxford: oxford university press

[4] Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, oxford university press: new york, 2010, p. 875

[5] Ibid, p. 1234

[6] Ibid, p. 1012

[7] Ibid, p. 395

[8] Ibid, p. 517

[9] Ibid, p. 436

[10] Ibid, p. 524

[11] Ibid, p. 920

[12] Ibid, p. 1646

 

 

 

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