STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUE: DEFINITION AND MEANING
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of
study
Education is the most important thing for human
life. Education is one of key to be success. We have known that teaching and
learning are important activities in the education. They are cannot be
separated, because they are related each other. The meaning of teaching is an
action from delivering the material by teacher to the students. On the other
hand, learning is the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study,
experience, or being taught.
In this case, we found many problems in teaching and
learning. Some of them: the students feel bored with the material, the material
is very diffucult for students, the teacher just read the material without
explaining it, the students did not focus on the material, so on. Therefore, if
teacher want to solve that problems, the teacher should have an interesting
technique and strategy to solve it.
Strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a
long-term or overall aim. It means that strategy is a series of plan of action
which be designed to achieve the goals that have been planned. Whereas,
technique is a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution
or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure. It means that
technique is an action which be done by teacher to execute or perform of an
artisric work or a scienctific procedure.
B.
Problem
formulation
In this paper, we have many problems. There are:
1.
What is the
definition of strategy?
2.
What is the
definition of strategy in teaching and learning?
3.
What kinds of
teaching strategy?
4.
What is the definition of technique?
5.
What kinds of teaching technique?
C.
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to solve the
problem that we found.
1.
Knowing what
is the definition of strategy.
2.
Knowing what
is the definition of strategy in teaching and learning.
3.
Knowing what
kinds of teaching strategy.
4.
Knowing what is the definition of technique.
5.
Knowing what kinds of teaching technique.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Strategy
1.
Definition of Strategy
Oxford Dictionary, defines that strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim.[1] It means that
strategy is a series of plan of action which be designed to achieve the goals
that have been planned. Moreover, according to B.
H. Liddell Hart, strategy as the art of the employment of battles as a means to
gain the object of war. On the other hand, George Steiner, states that Strategy is the
top management does that is of great importance to the organization.[2]
Based on George’s statement, it means that strategy is the first important
thing in the organization or planning before doing something.
From the
definitions above we can conclude that the definition of strategy is a series of action that have been planned to
reach the goal. Strategy holds important role in a succesful of aims. Strategy
decides what will be done someone in the future.
2. Definition
of strategy in teaching and learning
Strategy teaching
is a way of making decisions about a course, an individual class, or even an
entire curriculum, beginning with an analysis of key variables in the teaching
situation.[3]
Oxford
and Nyikos (1998) define that learning strategies as operation used by learners
to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information. In addition,
Rubin (1975) stated that learning strategy referred to the technique or devices
which a learner may use to acquire knowledge.[4]
Based on
the definitions above, we can conclude that strategy is a way that is used by
learners to help them in making decision about the material, an
individual class, or even an entire curriculum.
3. Kinds of
teaching strategy
Here are a few teaching strategies that have been a staple in most
classrooms. Depending upon your style, preference, and your students, choose
the ones that suite your needs. There are many strategies in teaching and
learning, such as: Cooperative Learning: The Jigsaw, Inquiry-Based Instruction,
Differentiated: Learning Stations, Graphic Organizers, Utilizing Technology in
The Classroom, Active Learning. However, in this paper will be focused on Cooperative
Learning: The Jigsaw strategy.
1. Cooperative Learning: The Jigsaw
Cooperative learning gives students the opportunity to work with others and see different points of view. The jigsaw classroom, originally developed by Elliot Aronson in 1971 in Austin, Texas, was considered effective in increasing positive educational outcomes. As a cooperative learning, it has been greatly studied abroad and has been explored in various ways by a number of researchers and teachers in classes of different levels and of different subjects. Several modifications have been introduced to account for concerns of both teachers and students who have participated in the classroom. In the original jigsaw, each member of a group was assigned a different part of material. Then all the students from different groups who had the same learning material gathered together and formed an “expert group” to discuss and communicate with each other until they all mastered the material. Later, the students returned back to their home group to teach the material to other members of their group.
As “each member of a group has a piece of information needed to complete a group task” in the EFL classroom, jigsaw is a cooperative learning that requires everyone’s cooperative effort to produce the final product. Just as in a jigsaw puzzle, each piece -each student’s part- is essential for the production and full understanding of the final product. If each student’s part is essential, then each student is essential. That is precisely what makes this strategy so effective.[5] Research shows that students learn more effectively when working together rather than apart, and it is also known to improve self-confidence in students. The jigsaw technique is especially effective because each student is responsible for one another’s learning, and students find out really quick that each group member has something equally important to contribute to the group in order to make the task a successful one. Students are exposed to and use many skills throughout this strategy: Communication, problem-solving skills, cognition, and critical thinking all of which are essential for a successful academic career.[6]
B. Technique
1. The Definition of Technique
According
to oxford dictionary technique is a way of carrying out a particular task,
especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific
procedure.[7]
Technique
is a procedure or skill for completing a specific task. If a class room is
becoming distracted a teacher may use the technique to use a quick physical
activity to distract their distraction and get them all to do the same thing at
the same time.[8]
Based on the definition
above, we can conclude that technique is a way or procedure that is used by the
learner to do a particular task. The point is the teacher try to get student’s
attention when their concentrations are distracted.
2. Teaching
technique
A number of different teaching techniques have emerged due to this change
in education. Many of these teaching
techniques are not actually new however! The use of technology in the classroom has
simply given education a new lease of life allowing us to approach old ideas in
new ways. There are six
techniques in teaching learning that you should know, such as: Flipped
Classroom (Inverting your class), Design Thinking (Case Method), Self-learning,
Gamification, Social Media, and Free Online Learning Tools. However, in this
paper will be focused on Flipped Classroom (Inverting your class).
a.
Flipped Classroom (Inverting your class):
The Flipped Classroom Model basically involves encouraging students to
prepare for the lesson before class. Thus, the class becomes a dynamic
environment in which students elaborate on what they have already studied.
Students prepare a topic at home so that the class the next day can be devoted
to answering any questions they have about the topic. This allows students to
go beyond their normal boundaries and explore their natural curiosity.[9]
The basic principles of a flipped classroom teaching method are to
deliver instruction online and to move active learning into the classroom.
There are many strategies for delivering the instruction online, such as,
preparing online lectures by the course instructors, wrapping the course around
a MOOC, and collecting online videos from various sources.
The flipped classroom is a pedagogical model in which the typical lecture
and homework elements of a course are reversed. The notion of a flipped
classroom draws on such concepts as active learning, student engagement, hybrid
course design, and course podcasting. The value of a flipped class is in the
repurposing of class time into a workshop where students can inquire about lecture
content, test their skills in applying knowledge, and interact with one another
in hands-on activities. During class sessions, instructors function as coaches
or advisors, encouraging students in individual inquiry and collaborative
effort.[10]
There is no
single model for the flipped classroom—the term is widely used to describe
almost any class structure that provides prerecorded lectures followed by
in-class exercises. In one common model, students might view multiple lectures
of five to seven minutes each.
Who’s
doing it? A growing number of higher education individual
faculty have
begun using the flipped model in their courses. At Algonquin College,
a video production class has been using this model to explain the workings of
editing software, a procedure that is notoriously difficult to explain in a standard
lecture.
Why is it significant? Devoting class time to application
of concepts might give instructors a better opportunity to detect errors in
thinking, particularly those that are widespread in a class.
What are the
implications for teaching and learning? The flipped model
puts more of the responsibility for learning on the shoulders of students while
giving them greater impetus to experiment.[11]
The four pilars of F-L-I-P
1.
Flexible environment
2.
Learning culture
3.
International content
4.
Professional educator[12]
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Based
the explanation above, we can conclude that strategy in teaching and learning is
a way that is used by learners to help them in making decision about the material,
an individual class, or even an entire curriculum. Instead of, the technique is
the way or procedure that is used by the teacher to do a particular task. The
point is the teacher try to get student’s attention when their concentration is
distracted.
There
are some strategies in teaching and learning, such as: cooperative learning:
the jigsaw, inquiry-based instruction, differentiated instruction: learning
stations, graphic organizers, and utilizing technology in the classroom. Then,
there are some techniques in teaching and learning, such as: flipped
classroom (inverting your class),
design thinking (case method), self-learning, gamification, social media, and free online learning tools.
Therefore,
the difference of strategy and technique in teaching and learning is strategy
consists of plans, and technique is an action of those plans.
REFERENCES
7 things you should know about…™flipped classrooms pdf
Flip learning pdf
Flipped Classroom Strategies Using Online Videos pdf
Fred Nikols.2016.Strategy:Definition and Meaning.pdf
QIAO Mengduo, JIN Xiaoling.2010.Jigsaw Strategy as a Cooperative
Learning
Technique:
Focusing on the Language Learners.China:
Harbin Institute of
Technology.p.113-114
[1]
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/technique
[3]
http://tll.mit.edu/help/what-strategic-teaching
[4]https://www.Academia.Edu/12315153/Redefining_Terms_Of_Teaching_And_Learning_Strategy_Method_Approach_Technique_And_Model_-_Saidna_Zulfiqar_Bin_Tahir
[5]QIAO Mengduo,
JIN Xiaoling.Jigsaw Strategy as a Cooperative Learning Technique: Focusing
on the Language Learners.2010.China: Harbin Institute of
Technology.p.113-114
[6]http://www.teachhub.com/top-5-teaching-strategies
[7]
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/technique
[8]https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-strategy-technique-method-zehra-naqvi
[9]
https://www.goconqr.com/en/examtime/blog/teaching-techniques/
[10] Flipped
Classroom Strategies Using Online Videos pdf
[11] 7 things you
should know about…™flipped classrooms pdf
[12] Flip learning
pdf
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